The Daily Astronomer

from Southworth Planetarium, Portland, Maine 

Stonehenge on Mid-Summer's Eve SECOND SHOWING at 8:30 p.m.

The Stonehenge on Mid-Summer's Eve
program at 7:00 p.m. on June 20 is
SOLD OUT.
 
HOWEVER, we have decided to
add another showing later that night.
 
If you missed getting a seat
for the 7:00 p.m. show,
we offer the Stonehenge on
Mid-Summer's Eve again at
8:30 p.m. on the same night.
 
Each program lasts about an hour,
not including the question/answer period.
 
If you'd like to reserve your space(s),
call 207-780-4249 or
send an e-mail   egleason@usm.maine.edu
 
Information about the show is below.
 
STONEHENGE
ON MID SUMMER’S EVE

June 20, 2009

7:00 p.m.   -  SOLD OUT!

 

STONEHENGE
ON MID SUMMER'S EVE - SECOND SHOWING!       

June 20, 2009

8:30 p.m.  

 

It is one of the most famous ancient structures in the world.   Built more than 4,500 years ago, Stonehenge has captivated humanity for centuries, while revealing precious few of its secrets.  Who built this mammoth henge?  What was its purpose?  How much can we discover about its creators and their aims? 

 

 

 

Using the Southworth Planetarium’s Star Dome Theatre, Professor Patrick Peoples guides you on a fascinating tour of Stonehenge.  This simulated journey combines Prof. People’s engaging lecture style with the planetarium’s projection equipment.

 

 

Though we can’t take you to Stonehenge itself, we can offer a Stonehenge show as only a planetarium can.

 

Admission by donation

Call 780-4249 for information or tickets.

 

While you may purchase tickets on event night, we STRONGLY recommend that you reserve seats in advance. 


Comments [0]

[DA May 8, 2009] The Quiz is about What?!

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
                      "Kindness is its own punishment."
 
 
 
                                                         THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                May 8, 2009
                                                        This Quiz is About What?!
 
 
PREFACE
One morning, the phone rang.
That was ominous.
"Hello?....Yes, this is the planetarium....No, I'm not.   That guy isn't real. The DA is written by four different people and we combined parts of their names to form that one name.  None of them write professionally and only one can spell properly, so everybody's cool with it.  That's why the word 'we' appears so much. There is, thankfully, nobody actually named Edw....no, I'm not making that up.   Heavens!    So, how may I help you?.....Yes, I'm one of the four....Edgar Robinson.....ok...uh huh...yes...  We did indeed make that offer.   You have a quiz?    Splendid!    Can you tell me the topic?   Oh, it's a surprise.....ok....um, when would you like to have it post....this Friday?...  Really?...oh, it has to be this Friday.  Gee.  Well, I don't know see why not.   Saves us work....   I'm sorry?....    No, I generally don't.   The quizzes are written by Wanda Glaxo....no, she won't mind at all.    she's usually half under the table when she does them, so she won't know the difference.....    Great!....I shall look for it in our e-mail box.....   Yes, I promise it will appear.....   No, you don't need to tell me.  I trust you.    We'd like to give you credit, though.  What's your name? .......   Hello?   Hello? "
 
Twenty minutes later, the e-mail appeared.
That was promising.
We opened it.
Scrolled down.
Saw the title.
A second later and a thousand miles away, two bored seismologists bolted upright in their seats and cast hopeful glances toward the northeast.
 
                                                      THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                May 8, 2009
                                                          The Star Trek Quiz
 
 
Hey, trekkies!!!!
The movie is out today and we're going to have a quiz about, well, Star Trek!    Set your brain phasers to fun as we boldly go where no DA subscriber has ever gone before.  Thanks so much to Edwa..I mean, to  Edgar, Wanda, et al, for letting us have a hand at the helm on the bridge of the USM Enterprise.  LOL
 
DA: I'm in Hell.
 
And, since you can't have Star Trek without stars,  I tossed in a star question, too, but stars really aren't all that important.  No offense, DA.  ha ha
Oh, and I stuck with the original series characters.    Every other series was a shameless attempt to capitalize upon the artistry of the original.   You know it and I know it.   So, sharpen your pencils and ears (if you're a Vulcan) and beam yourself up for the Star Trek quiz.
 
 
1.  What was Captain Kirk's middle name?
              a.  Tiberius
              b.  Caligula
              c.   Sirius
              d.   Alfonse
 
 
2.  Why was Captain Kirk once almost executed?
               a. Because he mixed up the phrases "Episcopalian" and "Rastafarian," and was pinched trying to sell dope at the Bush Compound.
               b. Because he was on a planet that had a Roman Empire type society with 20th century technology.  The execution was to be televised. It was for entertainment purposes only
               c.  Because he was character on the Star Trek series
               d.  He married the princess of Shaliane 6.
 
 
3.   One actor from the original series will appear in the movie THAT'S COMING OUT TODAY!!!!!!  Who is it?
                a.   William *swoon* Shatner
                b.   Michael Zaslow
                c.   Leonard Nimoy
                d.   Walter Koenig
 
4.    "Uhura" is a Swahili word that means what?
                 a.  Suggestive mini-skirt
                 b.  Peace
                 c.  Klingon
                 d.  Harmony
 
5.  Which Star Trek actor was missing his right middle finger?
                a.  George Takei  (Sulu)
                b.  James Doohan   (Scotty)
                c.  DeForest Kelley  (McCoy)
                d.  Ricardo Montalban  (Khan in one episode and movie II, which, incidentally, I think is not nearly as good as Star Trek IV, but considerably better than Star Trek V, but, let's face it,  almost anything, including a "Friends" reunion, would be better than that Shaternian catastrophe.)
 
6.  What Federation ship is manned entirely by Vulcans?
               a.  USS Ears
               b. USS Intrepid
               c.  USS Vulcan
               d.  USS Nimoy
 
 
7.  Which famous Star Trek line was never actually spoken on the Star Trek television show?
                     a. Damnit, Jim!
                     b. Damnit, I'm a doctor..
                     c.  Damnit!
                     d.  Beam me up, Scotty
 
8.  Who played the dead body of Sam, Captain Kirk's brother?
                   a.  Kirk Douglas
                   b.  Dustin Hoffman
                   c.  Gene Roddenberry
                   d. William Shatner
 
9.  Oh, yeah, the stars.  Um, let's see.  Ah, yes, around which star was the planet Vulcan supposed to revolve?
                 a.   Vega
                 b.  Vindemiatrix
                 c.  40 Eridani A
                 d.  Sol Beta Gamma Delta
 
10.  What does the following Klingon phrase Hab SoSlI' Quch!  mean?
                 a.  "I eat lunch in my underwear."
                 b.  "Your mother has a smooth forehead."
                 c.  "What do you mean I watch too much television?"
                 d.  "Live briefly and starve."
 
 
 
 
ANSWERS
 
******************************
 
1.                a.  Tiberius
His full name was  James Tiberius Kirk.
"Captain" was added later.
 
2.     b. Because he was on a planet that had a Roman Empire type society with 20th century technology.  The execution was to be televised. It was for entertainment purposes only.
 
Televised executions...a precursor to American Idol.
 
3   c.   Leonard Nimoy
 
Spock is playing Spock.  No, not another Spock, but THE original Spock.   Somehow the younger Spock is able to interact with this older Spock in the movie, or so I've been told.  
Michael Zaslow, of course, is the first red shirt to die, but you knew that already.  The red shirts were those nameless Star Trek characters who died, often in horrible ways, just in order to give the main characters an excuse to act poignantly and wonder aloud if the exploration of the galaxy was worth all the trouble.  
 
4.   b.  Peace
 
5          b.  James Doohan   (Scotty)
Mr. Doohan lost his right middle finger in World War II.   According to sources, this impediment did not interfere with his career or lifestyle, apart from hampering his ability to editorialize about William Shatner.
 
6.   b. USS Intrepid
 
7.   d.  Beam me up, Scotty
 
8.       d. William Shatner
Critics agree that this was his most convincing performance.
 
9.      c.  40 Eridani A
This star is only 16 light years from the Sun.   That makes Spock our neighbor! 
 
10.   b.  "Your mother has a smooth forehead."
 
This is a horrid insult!  Please don't use this phrase with your friends.
 
*******************************
Excuse me, Mr. DA?  Could you write the ratings?
 
DA: I'll try
 
Thanks.  Just make them respectful.
 
DA:  Sure
************************************
 
 
RATINGS
20.12383  Correct:   Typical Vulcan
 
10 Correct:  Romulan buttock kicker of the first order.  
 
9 Correct:  You need help!  You need serious help!   You're a faux Trekker!   You are a pretender to the throne!
How dare you!?
 
7 - 8 Correct:   I don't even see why you took the test..
 
5 - 6 Correct:   Hopeless.  Would be at a loss for words if confronted by a puddle of phosphorescent green ooze.
 
2 - 4 Correct:  Incorrigible Whovian.   Not an experienced wanderer in the Star Trek multi-verse.
 
1  Correct:  Befuddled Trekker.   You're so confused, you actually live with somebody else's parents.
 
0 Correct:   You got the DA's  score!    (Yes, I'm rather proud of it, too.) 
 

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[DA May 7, 2009] The Setting Canines

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
     "Delight is always on the starboard side of woe"
 
 
                                           THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                     May 7, 2009
                                                 The Setting Canines
                       
This is the last week one can easily see Orion.  This massive hunter is setting
in the west just after sunset.  Following him into the twilight beyond are his two hunting
dogs, Canis Major and Minor.
 
Canis Major and Canis Minor are just to the east of Orion and
appear to pursue him through the sky.  The larger pattern, Canis Major,
certainly resembles its namesake: a large hunting dog poised on its hind
legs.  Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, represents the dog’s nose.
Canis Minor is the two star minor dog to the northeast of Canis Major.
One would need to be possessed of a fertile imagination to discern an
animal in these two stars.  One could imagine, however, that it is a hot dog
or one of those types of dogs that clowns fashion out of cylindrical
balloons.
 
Sirius, the brightest star in Canis Major, is very low in the southwestern early evening sky.  
It marks the southern point of the Winter Triangle: a three star
pattern that consists of Procyon in Canis Minor and Betelgeuse, Orion's eastern shoulder star.
As we are now into the warm season, this Winter Triangle is leaving along
with the dogs and their master.
 
One interesting historical factoid about Sirius:  the Ancient Egyptians
believed that heat as well as light was delivered onto Earth by the stars.
They reasoned that Sirius, being the brightest star in the sky, would also
emit the greatest amount of heat onto Earth.   So, when the Sun and Sirius
were in the same part of the Sky, as happened  in the Summer, Earth was
much warmer because our world was being subjected to the combined heat
of the Sun and Sirius.   Even then, Sirius was known as the “Dog Star,” and
hence, the term “Dog Days of Summer” was coined.
                     

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Stonehenge on Mid-Summer's Eve at the Planetarium

Hello, all!
 
So, yes, it might be a wee bit early to post this announcement.
However, last summer we introduced the
Stonehenge program and had to schedule four sessions
to accommodate everyone who wanted to attend.
    The first one
sold out more quickly than we had ever imagined it would.
 
Therefore, we want to send this announcement early.
 
If you would like to reserve a space for this lecture, please send an e-mail (or call 207-780-4249) with your
name, telephone number and the number of tickets
you'd like to reserve.
 
STONEHENGE
ON MID SUMMER’S EVE

June 20, 2009

7:00 p.m.

 

It is one of the most famous ancient structures in the world.   Built more than 4,500 years ago, Stonehenge has captivated humanity for centuries, while revealing precious few of its secrets.  Who built this mammoth henge?  What was its purpose?  How much can we discover about its creators and their aims? 

 

 

 

Using the Southworth Planetarium’s Star Dome Theatre, Professor Patrick Peoples guides you on a fascinating tour of Stonehenge.  This simulated journey combines Prof. People’s engaging lecture style with the planetarium’s projection equipment.

 

 

Though we can’t take you to Stonehenge itself, we can offer a Stonehenge show as only a planetarium can.

 

Admission by donation

Call 780-4249 for information or tickets.

 

While you may purchase tickets on event night, we STRONGLY recommend that you reserve seats in advance. 

Comments [0]

[DA April 29, 2009] Minotaur

From the USM Southworth Planetarium

                     "So, crates are your speciality, eh?"

 

 

 

                                                                THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                            April 29, 2009

                                                                              Minotaur

 

 

 

On March 30, the DA posted the first installment in a series called “Nothing without Theseus.”

The second installment, entitled “The Lying Witch and the War Robe” is turning out to be much longer than any previous DA.  Consequently, I wanted to divide the second part into a both a prequel and a main story, which starts where the first installment ended.    

 

So, today, we offer the preface to the second part, which is coming soon.   Curiously, Theseus is nowhere to be found in this prequel, for it occurs a few years before he begins his adventures.   However, this tale offers the background of the one creature that is most closely associated with the Athenian hero.   

 

 

Minotaur

 

Daedalus was a calm man.   He comported himself with an ease and imperturbability which seems particular to craftsman.  While others might rage and howl at life's adversities, he saw the world as a series of puzzles to unravel and problems to solve.   Each one he approached patiently, confident in the knowledge that in the enterprise of craftsmanship, he had no rival.

 

This tranquil nature would serve him well that early morning when he was aroused from his sleep by the Queen's piercing wails.   Though the Queen was in the palace and he in his nearby cottage, her screams were of such volume that Daedalus arose at once upon hearing them.    His wife was also awakened and was terrified, for those hollers sounded inhuman, as though they were the shrieks of a Tartarus shade rather than those of a mortal woman.    After a few moments, the screaming subsided and Daedalus' wife, comforted by her husband's calming voice, lapsed back into sleep.   Daedalus, however, remained awake. 

 

Daedalus knew that the Queen was due to deliver a child.  Such matters often proved complicated and the craftsman suspected that perhaps his services would be required.  It is true that he knew precious little about midwifery, but, as he would tell you himself, Daedalus could fix anything.      He sat in the chair by the front door and was not altogether surprised when he heard knocking a few minutes later.   Fearing that his wife would once again be awakened and scared, he hurried to and then opened the door.  

 

Before him stood King Minos.    Yet, even the serene Daedalus was taken aback by the king's appearance.    Ordinarily,  Minos was the very portrait of self-possession.   He carried himself with the regal arrogance befitting a king of his stature and accomplishment.   Though his imperial personality was often tempered by a generally kindly nature, King Minos was one of the most formidable people that Daedalus had ever known.   He was, in all other situations, the quintessential king.

Presently, he was a wreck.   He shivered uncontrollably. His clothes were soiled with dirt and blood.  In one hand he clutched something wrapped in swaddling rags.  With the other hand, he wiped from his eyes a stream of tears. 

 

"Your majesty," Daedalus whispered,  observing decorum despite his shock.

         "I need to come in."

         Daedalus quickly gestured for the King to enter.  This was certainly an extraordinary day, as the King had never asked to enter the cottage before.     Daedalus cast  a worried glance over at his wife’s sleeping form  as the King collapsed into the chair that the craftsman had just vacated.   He hoped that this intrusion wouldn’t rouse his wife or their infant son, Icarus.   

         “You have to help me,” Minos said between sobs.   “Something has happened and I don’t know what else to do.”

          At this the King cradled the swaddled object and openly wept.   Daedalus stood silent for a minute while the King collected himself.    He gingerly laid his hand on the king’s heaving shoulder and whispered.  “What has happened?”

            “Punishment?   Olympian Rage?   What do I do?”

            “I don’t understand,” Daedalus replied.   He then noticed that the thing Minos was holding so firmly hadn’t made any sound.     “Is this your newborn?”

            Minos’ sob became a sharp howl.   The wife and infant awoke, the latter of whom answered the howl with one of his own.   

           “What’s happening?!”  Daedalus wife asked, rising from the bed to grab the crying Icarus.

       Minos, in a fit of temper he had never before displayed, demanded that the woman and infant be removed.   “Nobody can see!” he yelled, pressing the swaddled object firmer.  “Nobody can see!”

       “My love, take Icarus out back to nurse.  There is trouble and I must attend to it.”

        “Are you in danger?”  she asked, regarding him sharply.

        “No.  All is well, but I have to attend to the King.”

        When the wife and child left, Minos arose and approached his craftsman.  Daedalus knew better than to reproach the King for his fit of temper, but he did speak sternly.  “What is the matter, your majesty?”

        “This is not my child.”

         Minos gently laid the swaddled object onto the bed.   “I don’t understand.   How do you know the child is not yours?”

         Minos removed the swaddle.   Daedalus repressed a scream.   He had never thought to see such a sight as that.  The rags fell away from a small, but monstrous creature.  Though its entire body was pink and shriveled like that of most infants, it was fashioned of  a baby’s legs  and stomach, but the other features were those of a bull.    Its head was overly large for the chest that heaved beneath it.  The strain on the neck was such that as the creature lay on the bed, the head lolled around at odd moments, as though prepared to detach from the trunk. However, the creature  struggled to rise from its recumbent position. 

         Minos buried his face in his hands.   “How could this have happened?  Why?”

         Daedalus knew, but did not reveal, the answer.  For this craftsman, whose work was celebrated over all the world,  spent one wretched night many months ago bitterly regretting his proficiency.  It was the night when the Queen herself stormed into his workshop.    Like Minos, this proper and pompous queen was reduced to tremors and desperation.     She spoke of a burning and unnatural lust that was tormenting her day and night.  She could neither sleep nor eat.   She neglected her daughter, Aradne, for she could think of nothing else.   She was so besieged by this incandescent passion that she could no longer bare the sight or feel of her own husband.  She loathed him as intensely as she yearned for commerce with the beautiful white Bull of Poseidon. 

 

          Poseidon had bestowed this bull onto the King, with the understanding that the King would sacrifice it back to Poseidon.    King Minos, who developed an immediate fondness for the creature, refused to kill it.   Enraged by this insolence, Poseidon cast a spell onto the Queen, causing her to feel a fierce desire for the animal.  It was under the influence of this spell that the Queen sought Daedalus’ help.  She knew that his cleverness had no bounds and he could do anything.   She demanded that he create a disguise that would enable her to seduce the bull.   To his shame, Daedalus devoted the entire night to creating the bovine suit she used to engage Poseidon’s bull in this shameful and wicked intercourse.  

 

          And, Daedalus saw before him the result of this liaison.  He was as responsible for its conception as the Bull and Queen, for he knew of her lust and contrived with her to achieve its fulfillment.    The little creature met his horrified expression with a seething, steadfast gaze.

            “Expose it,” he said in a breathless whisper, as though fearful that the monster would understand him.

             Minos looked up.  “I cannot.”

            “Why?”
            “Look at it.   Though it was born within the last hour, it has not yet cried.   It merely breathes and stares.   It took all of my strength just to hold it against my shoulder.   It would survive exposure.   What would it do after we left it?”

           Daedalus turned away and opened the door.  He needed to feel the breath of Aurora against his face.   He wanted a moment’s peace, but the king spoke again, this time in strained tones.  What he said chilled Daedalus to his core.

           “My friend, the Queen has gone mad and I am at a loss.”

           “I need to think,” he murmured, closing his eyes.  When he opened them,  he found, to his surprise, that he had been clutching the threshold for support.  Daedalus looked upon the nearby ocean.    That’s what he needed.   He needed something like an ocean to contain

the creature and prevent it from laying waste to the much weaker citizens.   Though, the ocean was unreliable.

           “Tell me what to do, Daedalus.  I cannot stand to be around it much longer.”

         “Labyrinth…”

         Minos looked over to him.  “What?”

         “A labyrinth.  A maze so complex that anybody placed in it could never escape.  Walls folding onto walls, curving back onto themselves.   A labyrinth in which each step is both backwards and forwards.   A labyrinth with towering walls that no occupant could ever climb.”

        “Labyrinth?  I never heard of such a thing.”
        “They are not easy to design.  Only the best of craftsman would dare attempt it.  I can make the most complex labyrinth ever constructed.   We  shall tie the creature to a post and I will build the maze around it.  By the time it liberates itself from the post, the labyrinth will be done.  This thing shall spend its entire unnatural life within its confines.   The only ones who will see it are those foolish enough to tread within the labyrinth.  These witnesses shall not be able to speak of it to anybody because they, too, shall never know life outside the labyrinth again.”

         They both turned to the hideous infant, which was now standing, albeit unsteadily, on its human legs.   Minos backed up against the wall as the creature bore its teeth in what appeared to be a malicious sneer.     It locked them both in a fierce glare as its trembling hands curled into claw-like fists.

         “Can you begin it today?” Minos asked in a voice that was scarcely above a whisper.

         “Your majesty,” Daedalus answered, his tone reassuringly steady.  “I’ll begin at once.”

         And so he did.

 

 

 

 

                      

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[DA April 17, 2009] Laser Quiz!

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
            "Now comes the exuberance of vitality after a period of long constraint."
 
 
                                                                  THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                        April 17, 2009
                                                                         Laser Quiz!
 
 
One more day!
Only one more day until the beginning of Laser Fest April!
Are we excited?  You bet your kidney, liver and Lesser Antilles, we're excited!  We're as excited as an electron in an atom subjected to the onslaught of UV radation!  (We're still working on those down home proverbial expressions.)
 
During the entire April vacation week, the dome will rock and roar with nerve-fraying music set to dazzling laser images that flash, snap, and pop.      In commemoration of this fantastic event, this week's quiz is about lasers, masers, and a couple of questions designed to shamelessly promote our shows.
 
 
1.  What does  "Laser" stand for?
           a. It doesn't stand for anything. It's a nihilist
           b.  Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
           c.  Light Amplitude Modulation by Sudden Electron Removal
           d.  The word is a combination of the first letters of its inventors' last names:  Landsing and Servo
 
2.  Astronauts erected a mirror system on the Moon to reflect laser beams sent toward it from Earth.  The purpose is to record the amount of time that elapses between the moment the laser is sent and the moment when the reflected beam returns to our planet.    By this measurement, scientists can calculate the Moon's precise distance, which changes constantly.   Approximately how much time elapses during one of these laser beam round trips to the Moon and back?
         a.  8.5 minutes
           b.  2.5 seconds
           c.  3.7 seconds
           d.  11.7 seconds
 
3.  The laser beam was invented by ____________ in ____________.
 
         a.  The Colonel;  the Study
         b.  Benjamin Franklin; 1781
         c.   Theodore Maiman; 1960
        d.   Landsing and Servo;  1958
 
4.   The maser was invented before the laser. It involved a process similar to that of the laser, but used microwaves instead of visible light.   What was one of the purposes of the maser?
            a.  to repel muggers
            b.  amplify radio signals
            c.  pollinate hydgrangeas
            d.  clean chrome
 
5.  The very first Laser Fest April show is on Saturday, April 18 at 12:00 p.m.  What is the show's title?  (Hint:  www.usm.maine.edu/planet)
          a.  Laser Beethoven
         b.  Legends of the Night Sky:  Perseus and Andromeda
         c.   Legends of the Night Sky:  Orion
         d.  RAH!!   Laser Zeppelin
          
 
 
6.  In the "Legends of the Night Sky: Orion," Orion falls in love with two different mythological women.  Who were they?
             a.   Margaret Thatcher and Eleanor of Aquataine
             b.  Medusa and Circe
             c.   Athena and Aphrodite
             d.   Merope and Diana
 
7.  "Laser Mania"  features a song by the cast of the Rocky Horror Picture Show.  Fill in the blank to complete the song's refrain:     Let's do the ____ Warp Again!
                 a.  Time
                 b.  Time
                 c.   Time
                 d.  Space
                 e.  Only  a. and b.
                 f.  Only b and d.
                 g.  Time
                 h.  Either a, b, c or g
 
 
ANSWERS
 
1.          b.  Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 
2.    b.  2.5 seconds
 
The Moon is approximately 240,000 miles from Earth.     A laser beam moving through a vacuum travels at 186,000 miles per second.    Do the math and one realizes that a laser beam requires about 2.5 seconds to travel from our planet to the Moon and then back.
 
3.    c.   Theodore Maiman; 1960
 
Here we have a lovely little controversy to enjoy.  Some assert that Gould, the man who coined the term "Laser" also produced the first  optical laser a year before Maiman successfully demonstrated his laser system.    So, if you answered "None of the above.  It was Gould,' we'll relent.   
 
4.     b.  amplify radio signals
 
5.   b.  Legends of the Night Sky:  Perseus and Andromeda
 
To verify, refer to www.usm.maine.edu/planet
 
 
6.     d.   Merope and Diana
 
7.      h.  Either a, b, c or g
 
 
RATINGS
 
Because we want YOU
to see US during our
LASER FEST - April
programs, you are ALL
LASER WIZARDS AND.....
     
So, we're giving  all of you the following award:
 
Watch what's on this site and you'll be in a FANTASTIC mood for the rest of the month. 
    
 
No, this is not a trick.
 
 
 
 

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[DA April 16, 2009] The Astronomy of Howard Stern

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
             "Spectres in the dark"
 
 
 
                                                           THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                     April 16, 2009
                                                        The Astronomy of Howard Stern
 
We're going to preface this article with a profuse apology.    Compelled by a springtime deviousness, we engaged in a bit of shameless marketing.   The fact is that very little of this column will pertain to that pious paragon of propriety Howard Stern, himself. The article's focus is actually on radio; specifically, the difference between hearing and transmitting radio.   This issue caused some confusion in those who read yesterday's column, "The Aliens Said What?" 
 
A few subscribers wondered about the difference between the speed of sound and that of light.   They wondered if the Arecibo radio message (which you can still see at www.usm.maine.edu/planet/dailyastro ) would take more than 25,000 years to travel a distance of 25,000 light years because sound travels slower than light.  It is this matter that we shall address today by flipping on the Howard Stern Show, presented by Sirius Satellite Radio.  (Lovely astronomical connection there since Sirius is the name of the night sky's brightest star.)
 
A lovely morning begins as the Sirius Satellite Radio owner hastily selects the Howard Stern channel.   Then, for reasons that nobody can fathom, he decides to crank it at full volume before walking precisely a quarter of a mile away.    (Ya sir, ya betcha, this is the same angelic neighbor who did that panhandler prank on you earlier this week.)      A couple of minutes pass as he -and all 120 of his neighbors/future pitchfork bearers-  hears the dulcet tones of  " Imus, you mop-haired son of a (censored), shameless (censored)..."
 
By examining this scenario (at a respectable distance), we can understand the physics behind radio program transmission and how it differs from listening to the radio.
 
First of all, the show is broadcast from a satellite stationed in geo-synchronous orbit above Texas.   Any satellite in such an orbit is more than 22,000 miles above Earth's surface.  At this altitude, a satellite will complete one revolution every 24 hours, so it will remain over the same spot on the planet.     As satellites at such a height can cover a large area, they are often used for communication purposes.   
 
Radio waves are transmitted from the satellite to the radio itself. These waves are electromagnetic and therefore they travel at the speed of light.   The electronic wizardry within the satellite receiver transforms the data in the wave to sound.   The sound waves issuing from the receiver to the neighbor's ear travel at the speed of sound.    Sound speed is about 780 miles per hour.*   This speed is a negligible fraction of light speed, which is 186,000 miles per second!  
 
Radio waves are part of a long sequence called the "Electromagnetic Spectrum."
All of these waves travel at light speed.
Were we to spread it out, we'd see Radio and TV waves at one end, followed by infrared and then visible light.  At the other, higher energy end, we'd find ultra-violet, x-rays and gamma rays.  
 
The sound requires just about a second to travel the quarter mile separating the receiver to the neighbor's ear because he is hearing sound waves.    The radio waves require less than a second to travel from the satellite to the satellite receiver because they are actually EM waves propagating at light speed. 

So, we never "hear" radio waves.  We only hear sound waves which a radio produces
 
The Arecibo Message is being transmitted via radio waves, the same type of waves sent by the satellite to the receiver.     These are not sound waves at all and therefore are traveling much faster.    Just remember, that sound waves require a medium for their propagation.  Outer space has no medium and sound cannot travel through it.
 
This message was crafted by radio astronomers in hopes of conveying certain aspects of our world and civilization to those inhabiting worlds in other star systems.    Curiously, these astronomers did not approach Howard Stern for his input.   Because of this, our planet might not be bombed into rubble 50,000 years from now.
 
Each of the subscribers who sent  their radio question included the following passage "This was probably a dumb question."   Balderdash!
 
  Perish that thought at once.   There are no dumb questions.   I invite, no, encourage you to send your questions.   The aim of the DA is to teach astronomy in its various aspects.   Contrary to popular belief, I am not a 90 year old man who detests humanity and all its works.   I'm a 30-something man who detests humanity and all its works.  Nevertheless, I'm generally very friendly (which scares the devil out of the ladies, of course)  and I welcome your questions, comments, concerns, and corrections.
 
Think of the DA as being like an open classroom in the Old Port. (The planetarium is not in the Old Port, but I can dream.)   All the sea-side windows are open. The sun is always brilliant; the salt-tinctured breeze is constant. (Which is why we've said to hell with paper.)   The crowds are bustling and there's never a dull moment in this troublesome but vibrant Universe.   Stop by to get a bit of the cosmos to go with your ice cream and fries.   Have fun with it and never be afraid to raise your hand.
 
 
 
*The speed of sound is not constant.  It depends upon the composition of the medium through which the sound waves travel  and the temperature.   The value of 780 miles per hour is a fair estimate for the speed of sound in air at room temperature. 

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[DA April 15, 2009] The Aliens Said What?

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
              "Out there..."
 
 

                        THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                    April 15, 2009
                            The Aliens Said What?
 
 

One fine evening in the future on Aldebaran 7:
 
“Goruhtyeu, come quickly!” Pog cried.  “Our favourite show from
planet Dingbat is almost on!”  Pog clicked the remote and
reached for a nearby beverage.   “And, don’t forget those
yummy ligament snaps!”
Tossing the remote aside, Pog leaned his three shoulders against
the couch, sighed with utter contentment and drank deeply from
the tall cup……and then promptly spit out the contents.
      “Blech! Fusion espresso!"
      His three partners-all sharing the same body- hustled in and
placed themselves next to him.   “Oh, here it is!”  They cried in
Unison.
       The two…um four….of them sit and laugh at the darling
exploits of the Bunker family in a show which has just reached
their star system after decades of interstellar space propagation.
 

Now, the question becomes:
Is this only bad fiction………or could this really happen
somewhere in the Galaxy?
 
Could aliens watch our television shows?
Would they understand it?  Would they like it?
Would they be so appalled that they wouldn’t even think twice
about attacking us for fear of cultural contamination?
 
First, a little background for the benefit of those who are utterly
confused:
 
Since the development of radio and television, planet Earth has
become a powerful source of radio energy.   Our television
shows and some of our radio programs propagate into outer
space at the speed of light.    These programs are signals that
expand out like bubbles around Earth and into the great dark
void.
Such is the consequence of having broadcast technology: it is
literally broadcast out into space.
So, for instance, a program that airs at 8:00 p.m. this evening
would reach Pluto at 11:00 a.m.    The signal would then
travel beyond the solar system at nearly 186,000 miles per
second.   After four years, the television program signal would
reach the nearest star system to our own, Alpha Centauri.
(Alpha Centauri being 4.2 light years away.)
 
The bubble wouldn’t stop there: it would continue on:   10 light
years in 10 years; 100 light years; 1000 light years and beyond!
 An infinite propagation of radio energy originating right here on
Earth, the entertainment capital of the Milky Way.
 
However, there is a slight complication:  namely,
the inverse square law.  (That tedious thing one
encounters when studying gravitation or electromagnetism.)
 
The farther away a signal travels, the weaker it becomes.
Imagine a bubble the size of Earth.   Let this bubble represent a
radio wave carrying a television program.
Next, imagine the radius of this bubble doubles in size.  The
surface area of the bubble increases to four times its original size.
 
Continue doubling the radius and you can imagine that the
surface area also increases rapidly.  As the surface area
increases, the power of the signal decreases significantly.
Now, assume that bubble is spread out over light years of
space.  The resulting signal is going to be unfathomably weak: a
barely discernible blip in the incoherent radio roars of the
cosmos.
 
In order to capture that signal even at the closest stars, one
would need very sensitive equipment to  discern its
existence, let alone actually understand the information
embedded within the signal.
 
So, alas, our friends on Aldebaran 7 will not be able to sit back
and enjoy “All in the Family.”    (It is left for the reader to
decide if this constitutes a tragedy or a blessing.)
 
Nevertheless, we humans have deliberately sent radio messages into outer space.
Our aim is to announce our presence to any other extra-terrestrial civilization that
might be within shouting distance.  
One of the most famous of these messages is the Arecibo
message beamed toward the M13 star cluster.    M13 is a
globular star cluster about 25,000 light years away.  This system
contains hundreds of thousands of stars, some of which might
harbor life.  Some of which might actually have equipment
sensitive enough to capture such “intelligent signals.”
 
Now,  it is hard enough to know what to say to blind dates:
what does one say to beings who might or might not exist in a
completely different part of the galaxy?
Well, the clever devils who devised this scheme decided to send
a binary message (a series of 0’s and 1’s.)    This message
contained 1679 bits….
 
You see, 1679 is the product of two prime numbers: 23 and 73.
  Well, if you arrange this sequence into 73 rows of 23 digits, an
image is formed:  provided that one blacks out all spaces
occupied by a “1”
 
This image contains information about the DNA molecule, the
shape of us blockheaded humans, the location of our home
planet in relation to the solar system, the first ten numbers in
binary code and more.
 
Of course, this message is traveling through space at this very
moment.  Even at the speed of light, this signal will require
25,000 years to reach its destination.  Now, assuming that some
alien (a) receives it (b) understands it  (c) decides to engage us
in conversation, then any response won’t arrive for about
50,000 years!
By that time, our future descendants may very well have no idea
about the conversation their remote ancestors started.
 

Well, at least the aliens won’t be watching 1970’s television.
 
See this message for yourself at our
web-site
www.usm.maine.edu/planet/dailyastro.html
 
The question is: if you were an alien and received this message,
what would YOU say?
 
 
 

 

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[DA April 14, 2009] Law of Averages

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
             "A tiny smidgeon of ha ha in a porridge full of harumph"
 
 
                                                       THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                                April 14, 2009
                                                               Law of Averages
 

 

Let’s assume that you move into a new house and on the first day of residence, a neighbor introduces himself to you and says the following:  “The Realtor might not have told you this, but on average we get about five panhandlers a week coming to the houses in this neighborhood, ya know.”  (Assume you just moved to the upper Midwest.)

 

  Five pan handlers a week!   You seem bewildered and confused.  You ask this neighbor if he’s joking.  He assures you he isn’t.   You stand amazed and perplexed. You wonder what you’re going to say to them when they arrive?  Will you even open the door?  And, why on Earth didn’t your deceitful realtor know this?!

 

Enraged, you jump up and down. A spectacle of froth and profanity.

A couple walks slowly by.  The man shakes his head and points. "Oh, good, another New Englander."

 

While you catch your breath, your neighbor chuckles heartily to himself and eventually strolls proudly back to the house.  

Why is he laughing?  

Schadenfraude, you think, or is it Schandenfraude?  

Ah, who cares.

You were tricked!

Despite the array of manicured homes and cookie cutter lawns (or something or other), you've just pirouetted yourself right into a nightmare of knocking doors and desperate solicitation.

Twilight Zone....

You race up the stairs.  "Honey, we're moving back to Portland!!"

 

Wait!

Don't get your bratwurst into a knot.  No need to do anything so hasty and ill-advised. 

 

You must realize that  this neighbor is a statistician and he loves playing that little prank on newcomers to the neighborhood.  

Now, he wasn’t joking, per se.  He was, just, well, playing with averages:  a trick one must be wary of in many areas of life, including astronomy.

 

You see, on average, there ARE about five pan handlers per week each year.     However, they don’t visit everyday.  In fact, they only come on one occasion: Hallowe’en.   On that date, about 260 –300 trick or treaters storm the neighborhood……witches, goblins and Green Bay Packers in a buzzing swarm.   We divide 260 - 300 by 52 weeks and, voila, five trick or treaters (i.e panhandlers) a week.

 

Eventually, the neighbor will tell you the truth..over the telephone...from his villa in Tuscany.

Lovely gentleman neighbor: purgatory in plaid shorts. 

Too bad we don't burn people to the stake anymore.

 

Let that be a lesson to you about both listening to chuckling neighbors and about the "law of averages."

 

Astronomy is replete with averages that can be misleading if not regarded in the proper context.

 

One of the most dire mis-interpretations of averages concerns asteroids.   Astronomers and Geologists believe that our planet has been and will be struck by a large asteroid, on average, about once every 36 million years.   More than 36 million years has elapsed since the last one.    Knowing this, should you cast a sharp and frightened stare up at the sky?

Not at all.   An average is not always an expectation.   A few million more years may elapse before we experience an impact comparable to the one that made short work of the dinosaurs and other Cretaceous period creatures.

 

Two less alarming examples can be found in the night sky: 

We know that meteors fall to Earth in a constant stream.  On average, about 6 – 10 meteors are visible per hour.    Now, you probably know that you shouldn’t expect exactly 6 to 10 every hour.   Perhaps there will be 15 one hour; 2 the next; 7 the following hour and so forth.   Only when the fall rates are calculated over long periods will the stated averages be derived.

 

Also, regard the northern lights  (Aurora Borealis).    This fantastic display of shimmering lights is caused by excitation of atmospheric gases by charged solar particles.   The particles are captured by Earth’s magnetic field and are drawn toward the north and south magnetic poles.   The south magnetic pole is in north central Canada (about 81 degrees north latitude.)  NOTE:  There was no typo.  It is the “South magnetic pole”

 

The closer one is to the magnetic poles, the more frequent the displays will be.   Observers in north central Canada may see as many as 100 or more auroras every year.    The frequency of aurora displays decreases with increasing distance from the magnetic poles.   Around the Greater Portland area, 5-10 displays are visible each year, on average.  (By now, the phrase “on average” should be like a warning siren.)

 

Some years we’ll have almost no aurora displays.  Other years, we’ll have more than 15.  The frequency also depends upon the activity level of the Sun.  The Sun is always active, but the level does vary…generally over an 11-year period.  (Even THAT average might have some uncertainty.)

 

Now, of course, we'll have fewer than average because the Sun-spot cycle has been switched to the deep funk setting.   Consequently, aurora display frequencies will be well BELOW average for awhile.  

 

So, next time you hear an astronomer say, “On average,” be wary;  those astronomers can be a tricky lot.

Well, the average ones are. 

 

 

 

 

                                                        
 

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[DA April 13, 2009] The Practical Star Gazer: Greek Letter Sky

From the USM Southworth Planetarium
                    "Unaccountably exuberant."
 
 
                                                   THE DAILY ASTRONOMER
                                                           April 13, 2009
                                            The Practical Stargazer:  Greek Letter Sky
 
 
 
We understand Walt Whitman's distress.   We know how unaccountably he became sick at the projection of those lines and meridians upon a sky: the magnificence of which was diminished by the human imposition of its own dissecting constructs.   So, he wandered outside: away from the learned astronomer's lecture hall.  There, in the silence of the night he found relief in the sight and majesty of the untouched firmament above.
 
All we can say is if Mr. Whitman had lived to read today's DA, his outlook on astronomy wouldn't improve very much
 
Because, the practical stargazer returns to discuss particular symbols on star charts.  Any practical stargazer whose constitution can withstand the onslaught of grids and angles knows that learning one's way around the sky is aided by understanding a star chart.   At first blush, a star chart can appear a bit intimidating: a knowledge scroll discernable by a select few genius types.    However, it is nothing of the sort!  Star charts are like any other map or diagram: they contain an abundance of information in a very concise, easily accessible way.   During the year, the Practical Stargazer will work its way around the accursed things to illuminate its various parts.
 
Today, we go Greek with the Bayer Nomenclature System, named for German astronomer Johann Bayer (1572 - 1625.)   Bayer was better known, however, as a uranographer,  an obscure term that means "celestial cartographer."    His job was to map the skies.    He, like everybody else, noticed that the stars are not all the same brightness.   The sky has a fair assortment of brilliant stars and an abundance of faint ones.     However, when these stars appeared on the early maps, they all looked the same: like small pinpoints.     Bayer was a consummate cartographer who strove to convey as much information on his maps as possible.     He knew that the sky was not merely an array of equally bright stars, which was the impression one might glean from the charts designed to represent it.
 
He decided to use Greek letters to indicate the brightness levels of stars within a certain constellation.    The brightest star within a constellation was assigned the letter "alpha," the second brightest "beta," the third "gamma," all the way down to "omega."    The aim of this system was to inform the star chart reader about the brightness of particular stars within their own constellations.     If, for instance, one were to see Canis Major on a star chart, one would notice that the star Sirius is marked with the alpha symbol.   The conclusion would be that Sirius is the brightest star in the constellation.     This conclusion is, thankfully, correct. Sirius is Canis Major's brightest star.
 
Sirius' Bayer nomenclature name is  "Alpha Canis Majoris."   To form a star's proper Bayer name, one must attach the Greek letter to the Latin genitive of the host constellation name.     
 
Over the centuries, uranographers employed more sophisticated mapping technique that might have put the Bayer system to disuse.  For instance, on some modern star charts, the stars are represented as circles.  The circle diameter is proportional to the star's brightness.    So, the brighter the star, the larger the circle used to represent it.  Despite the advent of these other schemes, the Bayer nomenclature system still remains with us.    It continues despite the serious flaw in the system: namely, that in 33 of the 88 constellations, the alpha star is not brightest one in the constellation.    Betelgeuse, to cite a popular example, is known as "Alpha Orionis," even though it is dimmer than Orion's brightest star, Rigel, which is called  "Beta Orionis."   
 
Despite these numerous discrepancies, the original designations remain.   Betelgeuse is still Alpha Orionis and Rigel is still Beta Orionis.   The sacrifice of accuracy for tradition is perhaps for the better.  If we enacted the change now, a great deal of confusion would ensue, as many stars would have two designations.   So, if one astronomer referred to Alpha Orionis, would she be referring to Betelgeuse or Rigel?     Therefore, in this instance, we can endure a measure of ancestor worship, which pervades astronomy.
 
So, please, don't allow the sight of those alphas, gammas, and epsilons be off-putting.    They're merely indications of stellar brightness, and not always accurate ones at that.
 
 
 
 

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